Neonicotinoids can cause arrested pupal ecdysis in Lepidoptera
Abstract Recently, we reported a novel mode of action in monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus) larvae exposed to neonicotinoid insecticides: arrest in pupal ecdysis following MISC successful larval ecdysis.In this paper, we explore arrested pupal ecdysis in greater detail and propose adverse outcome pathways to explain how neonicotinoids cause this